Rekonseptualisasi Waris produktif benda bergerak tidak berwujud dalam kompilasi hukum Islam perspektif prinsip kemanfaatan: Studi terhadap pewarisan hak cipta metode pembelajaran Al-Qur'an Al-Barqy

INDONESIA:

Perkembangan kekayaan intelektual sebagai bagian dari aset ekonomi modern menghadirkan tantangan baru dalam hukum kewarisan Islam di Indonesia, khususnya terkait pengaturan benda bergerak tidak berwujud yang bersifat produktif. Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) sebagai rujukan normatif utama belum secara eksplisit mengakomodasi bentuk kekayaan ini, sehingga menimbulkan kekosongan hukum dalam praktik pewarisan. Disertasi ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menganalisis waris produktif benda bergerak tidak berwujud dalam KHI berdasarkan prinsip kemanfaatan serta relevansinya terhadap metode pembelajaran al-barqy; (2) mengkaji praktik pewarisan hak cipta metode pembelajaran Al-Qur’an Al-Barqy dalam perspektif KHI; serta (3) merumuskan rekonseptualisasi waris produktif atas hak cipta berdasarkan prinsip kemanfaatan.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum empiris dengan pendekatan yuridis sosiologis (socio-legal), yang mengkaji interaksi antara norma hukum dan praktik sosial. Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara semi-terstruktur dengan para ahli waris al-Barqy menggunakan teknik purposive dan snowball sampling, sedangkan data sekunder mencakup Kompilasi Hukum Islam, Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta, serta literatur hukum dan keislaman. Analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan teori double movement Fazlur Rahman, Maslahah al-Thufi, dan kemanfaatan (utilitarianisme) yang dikembangkan oleh Jeremy Bentham.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, pertama, konsep waris produktif atas benda bergerak tidak berwujud dapat dikonstruksikan melalui perluasan makna harta dan tirkah yang tidak terbatas pada benda berwujud, melainkan juga mencakup hak dan manfaat bernilai ekonomi, sehingga hak cipta metode Al-Barqy relevan dikategorikan sebagai harta waris produktif. Kedua, praktik pewarisan hak cipta Al-Barqy secara substantif telah memenuhi kualifikasi sebagai waris produktif, namun belum terakomodasi secara eksplisit dalam KHI; keluarga pewaris justru mempraktikkan model adaptif yang menggabungkan prinsip faraid dalam distribusi royalti individual dengan musyawarah dalam pengelolaan usaha kolektif, sehingga melampaui keterbatasan normatif KHI yang masih berorientasi pada objek agraris. Ketiga, rekonseptualisasi waris produktif menghasilkan pergeseran paradigma dari pendekatan berbasis objek menuju pendekatan berbasis kemanfaatan, yang bermuara pada usulan perluasan Pasal 171 huruf e dan pengembangan Pasal 189 KHI agar mengakomodasi seluruh aset produktif tidak berwujud, dengan tetap membedakan secara tegas antara hak kepemilikan atas bagian waris yang tunduk pada ketentuan faraid dan mekanisme pengelolaan objek warisan yang terbuka bagi ijtihad kontekstual. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa hukum kewarisan Islam memiliki fleksibilitas untuk beradaptasi dengan perkembangan ekonomi kreatif modern tanpa kehilangan legitimasi normatifnya, sekaligus berkontribusi pada pembaruan Kompilasi Hukum Islam agar lebih responsif, dan menjamin kemanfaatan bagi para ahli waris di Indonesia.

ENGLISH:

The development of intellectual property as part of modern economic assets presents new challenges for Islamic inheritance law in Indonesia, particularly concerning the regulation of intangible assets with productive characteristics. The Compilation of Islamic Law (Kompilasi Hukum Islam/KHI) as the primary normative reference has not explicitly accommodated such forms of wealth, resulting in a legal gap in inheritance practices. This dissertation aims to: (1) analyze the concept of productive inheritance of intangible assets within the KHI based on the principle of utility and its relevance to the Al-Barqy Qur’anic learning method; (2) examine the inheritance practices of copyright related to the Al-Barqy Qur’anic learning method from the perspective of the KHI; and (3) formulate a reconceptualization of productive inheritance of copyright based on the principle of utility.

This research is an empirical legal study employing a socio-legal approach, examining the interaction between legal norms and social practices. Primary data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with the heirs of Al-Barqy using purposive and snowball sampling techniques, while secondary data include the Compilation of Islamic Law, Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright, as well as legal and Islamic literature. Data were analyzed qualitatively using Fazlur Rahman’s double movement theory, the theory of maṣlaḥah developed by Najm al-Din al-Tufi, and the principle of utility (utilitarianism) developed by Jeremy Bentham.

The findings of this study demonstrate, first, that the concept of productive inheritance of intangible assets can be constructed through an expanded understanding of māl (property) and tirkah (the estate), neither of which should be confined to tangible objects but should also encompass economically valuable rights and benefits. Accordingly, the copyright in the Al-Barqy method is relevantly categorised as a productive inheritance asset. Second, although the inheritance practice involving the Al-Barqy copyright substantively fulfils the qualifications of productive inheritance, it has not yet been explicitly accommodated within the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI). Instead, the heirs have developed an adaptive model that combines the principles of farāʾiḍ in the distribution of individual royalty entitlements with deliberative decision-making (musyawarah) in the collective management of the business, thereby transcending the normative limitations of the KHI, which remains largely oriented towards agrarian forms of property. Third, the reconceptualisation of productive inheritance entails a paradigmatic shift from an object-based approach towards a benefit-based approach. This shift culminates in the proposal to broaden the scope of Article 171(e) and develop Article 189 of the KHI so as to accommodate all productive intangible assets, while maintaining a clear distinction between ownership rights over inherited shares, which remain subject to the rules of farāʾiḍ, and the mechanisms for managing inherited assets, which remain open to contextually grounded ijtihād. This study affirms that Islamic inheritance law possesses sufficient flexibility to adapt to developments in the modern creative economy without forfeiting its normative legitimacy. At the same time, it contributes to the reform of the Compilation of Islamic Law by making it more responsive to contemporary economic realities and better able to secure the welfare and interests of heirs in Indonesia.

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