Desain vaksin subunit berbasis poliprotein terhadap Foot and Mouth Disease Virus menggunakan pendekatan Immunoinformatika

INDONESIA:

Prevalensi wabah penyakit mulut dan kuku (PMK) yang disebabkan oleh Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) dari genus Apthovirus telah menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi di sektor peternakan dan sumber pangan. Vaksinasi menjadi sarana preventif dalam pencegahan wabah virus. Saat ini FMDV menggunakan vaksin inaktif, virus yang dilemahkan, dan vektor adenovirus. Vaksin berbasis epitop protein antigenik efektif, stabil, aman, dan spesifik dalam memicu respons imun tanpa risiko reaktivasi virus. Vaksin harus memiliki sifat antigenik, non-allergen, non-toksik, stabil, kelarutan tinggi, dapat menginduksi sitokin dan mendukung produksi immunoglobulin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hasil pemetaan dan profil epitope sel B dan sel T, serta interaksi kandidat vaksin dengan reseptor. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif eksploratif dengan pendekatan immunoinformatika secara in silico. Penelitian dimulai dengan sampel dari NCBI dan Uniprot, analisis conserve region, prediksi epitope sel B linier, prediksi epitope MHC I dan MHC II, uji antigenisitas, uji alergenisitas, uji toksisitas, uji imunogenitas, dan uji kelarutan, uji induksi sitokin, desain konstruk kandidat vaksin, uji sifat fisikokimia kandidat vaksin, prediksi dan validasi Secondary & Tertiary Structure, docking, molecular dynamic, optimasi kodon dan kloning in silico. Penelitian ini berhasil mengidentifikasi epitop sel B dan T dengan sifat antigenik tinggi, non-alergen, non-toksik, larut, dan stabil. Total ditemukan 4 epitop sel B, 4 CTL, dan 3 HTL yang digunakan dalam konstruk vaksin dengan bantuan linker dan adjuvan. Interaksi kandidat vaksin dengan TLR2 dan TLR4 menunjukkan energi ikatan rendah, menandakan kompleks yang stabil. Ikatan kuat ini berpotensi mengaktivasi respon imun melalui sel B dan interaksi reseptor.

ENGLISH:

The prevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreaks caused by the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) from the Apthovirus genus has led to economic losses in the livestock and food supply sectors. Vaccination serves as a preventive measure against viral outbreaks. Currently, FMDV vaccines include inactivated, attenuated, and adenovirus vector-based types. Epitope-based vaccines utilizing antigenic proteins are effective, stable, safe, and specific in triggering immune responses without the risk of viral reactivation. An ideal vaccine must exhibit antigenicity, non-allergenicity, non-toxicity, high stability, high solubility, cytokine-inducing ability, and support immunoglobulin production. This study aims to identify the mapped profiles of B-cell and T-cell epitopes, as well as the interaction between vaccine candidates and immune receptors. This research is quantitative and exploratory, utilizing an immunoinformatics in silico approach. The process begins with sample collection from NCBI and UniProt, followed by conserved region analysis, linear B-cell epitope prediction, MHC I and MHC II epitope prediction, and assessments of antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, immunogenicity, solubility, cytokine induction, vaccine construct design, physicochemical properties evaluation, secondary and tertiary structure prediction and validation, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, codon optimization, and in silico cloning. The study successfully identified B-cell and T-cell epitopes with high antigenicity, non-allergenic, non-toxic, soluble, and stable properties. A total of 4 B-cell, 4 CTL, and 3 HTL epitopes were incorporated into a vaccine construct using linkers and adjuvants. The vaccine candidates' interaction with TLR2 and TLR4 showed low binding energies, indicating stable complexes. These strong bindings have the potential to activate immune responses through B cells and receptor interaction.