Uji aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol daun krisan (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) terhadap Salmonella typhi secara in vitro

INDONESIA

Latar Belakang: Demam tifoid yang disebabkan oleh Salmonella typhi masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat, terutama di negara berkembang. Penggunaan antibiotik sebagai terapi utama menghadapi tantangan akibat meningkatnya resistensi bakteri, sehingga diperlukan alternatif antibakteri yang berasal dari bahan alam. Daun krisan (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) diketahui mengandung senyawa bioaktif seperti flavonoid dan terpenoid yang berpotensi menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun krisan terhadap Salmonella typhi secara in vitro. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain true experimental dengan pendekatan post-test only control group. Aktivitas antibakteri diuji menggunakan metode mikrodilusi pada mikroplate datar. Ekstrak etanol daun krisan diperoleh melalui metode Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) dan diuji pada konsentrasi 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, dan 100%. Suspensi Salmonella typhi disesuaikan dengan standar McFarland 0,5 dan diinkubasi selama 24 jam pada suhu 37°C. Aktivitas antibakteri dievaluasi berdasarkan perubahan nilai optical density (OD) menggunakan microplate reader. Data dianalisis dengan menghitung persentase hambatan pertumbuhan bakteri dan diuji menggunakan One-Way ANOVA. Hasil: Analisis UPLC-QToF/MS menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun krisan mengandung senyawa flavonoid dan terpenoid. Persentase hambatan pertumbuhan Salmonella typhi pada konsentrasi ekstrak 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, dan 100% berturut-turut sebesar 21%, 29%, 35%, 39%, dan 82%. Konsentrasi 100% menghasilkan aktivitas antibakteri tertinggi, namun belum mencapai kriteria Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) sebesar ≥99%. Hasil uji One-Way ANOVA menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antar kelompok perlakuan (p < 0,001). Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol daun krisan (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Salmonella typhi yang meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak. Namun, konsentrasi tertinggi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini belum mampu mencapai KHM, sehingga diperlukan penelitian lanjutan dengan konsentrasi ekstrak yang lebih tinggi untuk memperoleh aktivitas antibakteri yang optimal.

ENGLISH

Background: Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi remains a significant public health problem, particularly in developing countries. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance has reduced the effectiveness of conventional antibiotic therapy, highlighting the need for alternative antibacterial agents derived from natural products. Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium leaves are known to contain bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and terpenoids, which possess potential antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium leaves against Salmonella typhi in vitro. Methods: This study employed a true experimental design using a post-test-only control group approach. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the microdilution method in a flat-bottom microplate. Ethanol extract of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium leaves was prepared using the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) method and tested at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. A Salmonella typhi suspension standardized to 0.5 McFarland was incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Antibacterial activity was determined by measuring changes in optical density (OD) using a microplate reader. The percentage of bacterial growth inhibition was calculated, and statistical analysis was performed using One-Way ANOVA. Results: UPLC-QToF/MS analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids and terpenoids in the extract. The percentages of growth inhibition at extract concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% were 21%, 29%, 35%, 39%, and 82%, respectively. The 100% concentration exhibited the highest antibacterial activity; however, it did not meet the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) criterion of ≥99% inhibition. One-Way ANOVA demonstrated a statistically significant difference among treatment groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium leaves demonstrated concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi. However, the highest concentration tested was insufficient to achieve the MIC criterion. Further studies using higher extract concentrations are recommended to optimize its antibacterial potential.