Basith, M. Manan Abdul (2017) Pergeseran konsep sabîlillah sebagai mustahik zakat mâL dari fiqh klasik ke fiqh kontemporer. Undergraduate thesis, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim.
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Abstract
INDONESIA:
Zakat merupakan ibadah yang memiliki dua dimensi sisi. Pada satu sisi zakat merupakan ibadah yang berfungsi sebagai penyucian terhadap harta (tazkiyyah li al-mâl) pada diri pemiliknya, pada sisi lain zakat mengandung makna sosial yang tinggi. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari penyaluran zakat yang mencakup delapan golongan (ashnâf samâniyah), yaitu: fakir, miskin, amil, muallaf, riqâb, gharim, fi sabîlillah, dan ibnu sabîl. Orang-orang yang berhak menerima zakat (mustahik zakat) telah ditetapkan oleh Allah SWT dalam al-Qur’an serta klasifikasinya pun telah jelas, hanya golongan sabîlillah yang dianggap kurang jelas dan kurang tegas karena memiliki banyak pengertian dan penafsiran baik menurut para ulama klasik maupun kontemporer.
Adapun rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah: Bagaimana konsep sabîlillah sebagai mustahik zakat mâl dalam perspektif fiqh klasik dan fiqh kontemporer disertai istinbath al-ahkam-nya; Faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi pergeseran konsep sabîlillah sebagai mustahik zakat tersebut.
Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan (library research) dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan perbandingan (Comparative Approach). Adapun data primer, yaitu Fiqh as-Sunnah karya Sayid Sabiq; Fiqh al-Zakâh karya Yûsuf al-Qardhawî; dan Al-Fiqh al-Islâmi wa Adillatuhu karya Wahbah Az-Zuhaily; serta data sekunder, yaitu literatur lainnya yang relevan dengan materi penelitian.
Setelah melalui analisis, diperoleh beberapa temuan, Pertama: bahwa menurut ulama-ulama fiqh klasik konsep sabîlillah tidak diperbolehkan menyerahkan zakat demi kepentingan kebaikan dan kemaslahatan bersama seperti mendirikan jembatan-jembatan, mendirikan masjid-masjid, sekolah-sekolah, memperbaiki jalan-jalan, dan lain-lain. Karena sabilillah khusus untuk orang-orang yang berperang dijalan Allah SWT saja (ghâzi). Kedua: konsep Sabîlillah menurut fiqh Kontemporer yakni Prof. Dr. Sayyid Sabiq, dan Dr. Yûsuf al-Qardhâwi adalah bahwa mereka memperluas konsep sabîlillah tidak hanya sebatas orang yang berperang dimedan perang, namun segala kebaikan yang memiliki nilai maslahah dan untuk kepentingan sosial. Namun Prof. Dr. Wahbah az-Zuhaily hanya mengkhususkan seseorang yang menunaikan ibadah haji termasuk dalam kategori makna sabîlillah dengan syarat mereka termasuk orang fakir dan miskin; dan beliau sependapat dengan madzhab empat. Ketiga: faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pergeseran konsep sabîlillah sebagai mustahik zakat mâl sehingga sasaran zakat dapat terlaksana dan terealisasi dengan baik sesuai dengan masa sekarang yaitu antara lain: faktor kebutuhan dan kemaslahatan umat, faktor sosial dan politik, faktor filosofis, faktor teologis, faktor kebahasaan, dan faktor ekonomi.
ENGLISH:
Zakat is a worship dimension that has two sides. On one side is a worship zakat which serves as a cleansing of property (tazkiyyah li al-mâl) to the self-owner, on the other side of zakat implies high social. It can be seen from the distribution of zakat which includes eight groups (ashnaf samâniyah), They are: indigent, poor, amil, muallaf, riqâb, gharim, fi sabîlillah, dan ibnu sabîl. those are eligible to receive zakat (mustahik zakat) have been assigned by God in the Qur'an as well as the classification had been clear, only group sabîllilah is considered less clear and less assertive because it has a lot of understanding and interpretations by Ulama both classical and contemporary.
The formulation of the problem in this research is: How sabîllilah concept in the perspective of the classical fiqh and contemporary fiqh accompanied istinbath al-ahkam; What factors are influencing shifting concept of sabîllilah as the zakat mustahik.
This type of research is library research (library research) by using a qualitative Comparative approach methods. The primary data, namely Fiqh as-Sunnah by Sayid Sabiq; Fiqh al-Zakâh by Yūsuf al-Qardhawī; dan Al-Fiqh al-Islâmi wa Adillatuhu by Wahbah az-Zuhaily; as well as secondary data, namely other literature relevant to the research material.
After passing the analysis, it can be concluded. First, the concept of sabîllilah in Classical Fiqh according to the four mazhab is that they do not allow handing zakat for the sake of goodness and the common good such as setting up bridges, set up mosques, and schools, repair street- roads, etc. Because sabîllilah specifically for people who fight for Allah SWT only (ghâzi). Second, the concept sabîllilah according Contemporary Fiqh namely Prof. Dr. Sayyid Sabiq, and Dr. Yusuf al-Qaradawi is that they extend the concept sabîllilah not only limited to those who fought on the battlefield for Allah SWT, but all the good that has value of maslahah and for social purposes. But Prof. Dr. Wahbah az-Zuhaily categorizes someone who perform the pilgrimage (Haji) include in meaning sabîllilah on condition they are among the poor and needy; and he concurred with the four mazhab opinion. Third, The factors that affect shifting concept of sabîllilah as mustahik of zakat so that the target of zakat can be accomplished and realized properly in accordance with the present are : the benefit of the people, a factor needs of the people, social and political factors, Philosophy factor, theology factors, linguistic factors, and economic factors.
Item Type: | Thesis (Undergraduate) | ||||||
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Supervisor: | Hamdan, Ali | ||||||
Contributors: |
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Keywords: | Zakat; Sabîlillah dan Mustahik; Zakat; Sabîlillah and Mustahik | ||||||
Departement: | Fakultas Syariah > Jurusan Hukum Bisnis Syariah | ||||||
Depositing User: | Imam Rohmanu | ||||||
Date Deposited: | 20 Apr 2017 16:32 | ||||||
Last Modified: | 20 Apr 2017 16:32 | ||||||
URI: | http://etheses.uin-malang.ac.id/id/eprint/6462 |
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