Studi etnobotani tumbuhan obat pada masyarakat Kecamatan Arjasa Kepulauan Kangean Kabupaten Sumenep Madura

INDONESIA:

Pengetahuan tentang pemanfaatan tumbuhan merupakan hal yang sangat penting. Melihat begitu banyaknya jenis tumbuhan yang ada, namun hanya sedikit yang masih dimanfaatkan, jadi tidak jarang tumbuhan hanya dianggap sebagai gulma yang harus dimusnahkan. Oleh karena itu dilakukan penelitian etnobotani tumbuhan obat pada masyarakat Kecamatan Arjasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkonservasi pengetahuan lokal (indigenous knowledge) dan pemanfaatan tumbuhan sebagai obat oleh Masyarakat Kepulauan Kangean Kabupaten Sumenep Madura.

Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Februari sampai bulan Maret 2014 di Desa Arjasa, Desa Laok Jang-jang, dan Desa Paseraman, Kecamatan Arjasa Kabupaten Sumenep Madura. Jenis penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif Kuantitatif dengan metode survei wawancara semi terstruktur (semi structural interview). Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah masyarakat Kecamatan Arjasa Kepulauan Kangean Kabupaten Sumenep Madura. Penentuan responden ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling yang terdiri dari informan kunci (key informant) dan informan non kunci. Adapun responden penelitian ini yang mewakili ke tiga desa yaitu: Desa Arjasa, 21 responden. Desa Laok Jang-jang, 19 responden, dan Desa Paseraman, 23 responden.

Hasil penelitian etnobotani menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 52 spesies tumbuhan dari 27 famili yang dimanfaatkan sebagai obat. Spesies tumbuhan yang sering dimanfaatkan adalah tumbuhan rimpang-rimpangan dari suku Zingiberaceae seperti kunyit pepet (Curcuma zedoaria Berg.) 5%, kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val.) 8%, Lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet L.) 5% dan jahe (Zingiber offiicinale Roxb.) 4%, suku Piperaceae sirih (Piper betle L.) 7%, Asteraceae beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) 4%, dan suku Cucurbitaceae Pare (Momordica carantina L.) 4%. Organ tumbuhan yang digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional adalah akar dengan persentase sebesar 5%, batang 6%, buah 11%, bunga 4%, kulit 4%, dan rimpang 30%, hasil tertinggi adalah daun sebesar 34%. sedangkan terendah adalah umbi lapis, dan biji sebesar 3%. Cara pemanfaatan antara lain diminum setelah direbus sebesar 34%, diminum tanpa direbus sebesar 25%, dioleskan 13%, dan cara lainnya (diteteskan, ditempelkan) 28%.Sumber perolehan meliputi membeli di pasar dengan persentase sebesar 21%, budidaya sebesar 38%, dan tumbuh liar dengan persentase tertinggi sebesar
41%.

ENGLISH:

Knowledge of the plants utilization is very important. From so many plants that exist, only a few are still utilized. Therefore, they are sometimes considered a weed that must be destroyed medicinal plants at Arjasa Subdistrict community. Hance, it requires an ethnobotany to conserve local knowledge (indigenous knowledge) and utilization of plants as medicine by the people of The County of Arjasa Subdistrict Sumenep Regency Kangean Island Madura.

This research was conducted in February to March 2014 at Arjasa Village, Laok Jang-jang Village, and the Paseraman Village, Arjasa Subdistrict Sumenep Regency Madura. Type of this research was a quantitative descriptive survey method with a semi structured interview (semi structural interview). The population in this research was the community sub-district of Arjasa Subdristict Kangean Islands Sumenep Regency in Madura. The respondents were determined using purposive sampling method which consisted of key informants (key informant) and non key informant. The respondents of this study became representative of the three villages namely: Arjasa Village, 22 respondents. The village of Laok jang-jang 21 respondents, and Paseraman Village 30 respondents.

The results of this ethnobotany research indicated that there were 52 species of plants from the 27 family thet were used as medicine. The species that were often used were the rhizome of Zingiberaceae family such as kunyit pepet (Curcuma zedoaria Berg.) 5%, kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val.) 8%, Lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet L.) 5% and jahe (Zingiber offiicinale Roxb.) 4%, the Piperaceae family was Sirih (Piper betle L.) 7%, Asteraceae family was beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) 4%, and Cucurbitaceae family was Pare (Carantina momordica l.) 4%. The percentage of plant’s organs in traditional medicine was root 5%, stems 6%, fruits 11%, flowers 4%, skin 4%, Rhizome 30%, the highest result was leave of 34%. While the lowest were the bulbs and seeds of 3%. The plants were utilized in several ways such as it was drunk after boiling by 34%, drunk without boiling by 25%, applied by 13%, and other ways (dropped, pasted) by 28%. The medical plants wich were used were purchased in the market by 21%, cultivated by 38%, and growing wild by its own by 41% as the highest percentage.