Pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat melalui zakat produktif: Studi komparatif pemikiran Yusuf Al-Qardhawi dan Sahal Mahfudh

INDONESIA:

Realita umat muslim yang menderita kemiskinan, berbanding terbalik dengan idealitas Islam yang menyeru pengentasan kemiskinan, terutama melalui zakat. Ketidak-efektivan zakat dikarenakan pendistribusiannya masih bersifat konsumtif, bukan produktif. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan menelaah pemikiran Yusuf al-Qardhawi dan Sahal Mahfudh yang menaruh perhatian serius terhadap zakat produktif sebagai media pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat.

Ada tiga rumusan masalah yang diajukan: 1) Bagaimana kerangka konseptual pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat melalui zakat produktif menurut pemikiran al-Qardhawi? 2) Bagaimana kerangka konseptual pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat melalui zakat produktif menurut pemikiran Sahal? 3) Bagaimana persamaan dan perbedaan kerangka konseptual pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat melalui zakat produktif menurut al-Qardhawi dan Sahal?

Penelitian ini tergolong normatif dan pendekatan kualitatif dengan bentuk studi pustaka untuk menelaah sumber data yang memuat pemikiran al-Qardhawi dan Sahal. Rumusan utamanya adalah membandingkan pemikiran al-Qardhawi dan Sahal tentang pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat melalui zakat produktif dari segi latar belakang pemikiran, gagasan utama, subyek pelaksana, objek sasaran, batas standar dan langkah operasional.

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ada tiga temuan penelitian. Pertama, al-Qardhawi mengajukan gagasan pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat yang ditujukan pada lima problem ekonomi masyarakat dan langkah-langkah perbaikan manajemen zakat; dengan melibatkan pihak individu, masyarakat dan pemerintah sebagai subyek pelaksana; untuk kemudian didistribusikan kepada para mustahik zakat dengan prinsip Fikih Prioritas yang mengutamakan kelompok fakir miskin; disertai langkah-langkah operasional yang bersifat teoretis-idealis untuk mencapai standar minimal bahkan standar maksimal kesejahteraan ekonomi masyarakat. Kedua, Sahal mengajukan gagasan pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat yang ditujukan problem ekonomi masyarakat dan perbaikan manajemen zakat; dengan melibatkan individu, masyarakat dan pemerintah sebagai subyek pelaksana; untuk kemudian didistribusikan kepada para mustahik zakat, terutama yang berstatus fakir miskin, berdasarkan ketentuan Fikih Mazhab, disertai langkah-langkah teoretis-praktis yang sudah terbukti keberhasilannya dalam meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat hingga standar minimal, bahkan standar maksimal. Ketiga, al-Qardhawi dan Sahal memiliki persamaan maupun perbedaan pada setiap elemen dari latar belakang pemikiran, gagasan utama, subyek pelaksana, objek sasaran, batas standar hingga langkah operasional.

ENGLISH:

The reality of Muslims who still suffer of poverty, is contrary to the ideals of Islamic teachings that call on poverty alleviation, especially via zakah. Ineffectiveness of zakah because its distribution is still dominated by consumptive distribution, not productive distribution. Therefore, this research examines the thought of Yusuf al-Qardhawi and Sahal Mahfudh who pay serious attention to productive zakah as a means of economic community empowerment.

There are three research questions, i.e.: 1) How the conceptual framework of productive zakah as a means of economic community empowerment according to al-Qardhawi? 2) How the conceptual framework of productive zakah as a means of economic community empowerment according to Sahal? 3) How the similarities and differences of conceptual framework between al-Qardhawi and Sahal that related to productive zakah as a means of economic community empowerment?

This is a normative research and uses a qualitative approach in the form of library research to examine data sources that contain the thoughts of al-Qardhawi and Sahal. The main focus is comparative study of thought al-Qardhawi and Sahal Mahfudh about economic community empowerment via productive zakah.

There are three findings of this research. First, al-Qardhawi proposed the idea of economic community empowerment that aimed at solving the five economic problems and improvement of zakah management; by involving individuals, communities and governments as the executing subjects; then distributing zakah to the recipients of zakah (mustahiq) by applying Fiqh of Priorities (Fiqh al-Awlawiyyat) which prioritizes the poor and the needy; and accompanied by theoretical-idealistic of operational steps to achieve minimum standards and even maximum standards of economic community prosperity. Second, Sahal Mahfudh proposed the idea of economic community empowerment that aimed at solving economic community problems and improvement of zakah management; by involving individuals, communities and governments as the executing subjects; then distributing zakah to the recipients of zakah (mustahiq), especially the poor and the needy, based on Fiqh of Islamic schools of law (al-Fiqh ‘ala al-Madhahib); and accompanied by theoretical-practical of operational steps that have been proven to successfully improve the economic community prosperity to achieve minimum standards, even the maximum standards. Third, al-Qardhawi and Sahal have similarities and differences in each element of six aspects, i.e.: background of thoughts, main ideas, executing subjects, target objects, standard limits and operational steps.